![]() ![]() The resulting bundle of services is called a ‘stack’ because each additional service builds upon those beneath it, which allows developers to customize the application. ![]() “When you have a product in mind, you usually start with the front end, the piece that faces the customer, and then decide what back end tooling is needed to support that,” said Lira Skenderi, a data analyst and engineer at hosting provider Digital Ocean. Teams decide on which technologies they want to use and then build upon a core coding language, adding additional tools and services as they go. How to build your tech stackĭifferent companies will require different tech stacks and no two are alike. Companies trying to recruit developers often include their tech stack in job descriptions. “Unless applicants are familiar with a tech stack’s frameworks and languages, or are willing to become familiar, they might not be a good fit,” said John Debs, a full-stack software engineer at messaging platform Lua. Tech stacks are particularly useful for hiring developers. If a programmer knows that an application was built using Ruby on Rails, they know they’d have to learn the programming language Ruby to make any changes. PHP is a notoriously inefficient coding language yet is used in most popular web applications. If a programmer knows that a software service is built on PHP, for example, they know that it’s code base is probably large and difficult to debug. Because most coding languages have well-known performance attributes and limitations, the tech stack hints at the overall application’s strengths and weaknesses. A tech stack quickly summarizes the programming languages, frameworks, and tools a developer would need to interface with the application. The term is sometimes applied to marketing services (martech stacks) or sales services (sales stacks), but it originated in the software development community. ![]() This is Facebook’s ‘tech stack.’ĭevelopers talk about tech stacks because it makes it easy to communicate lots of information about how an application is built. The social site Facebook, for example, is composed of a combination of coding frameworks and languages including JavaScript, HTML, CSS, PHP, and ReactJS. ![]() DefinitionĪ technology stack, also called a solutions stack, technology infrastructure, or a data ecosystem, is a list of all the technology services used to build and run one single application. Each tool in your stack creates, analyzes, or ingests data, and to run most efficiently, those data sources need to link to one another. Interweaving the continental, urban, and perceptual scales, it shows how we can better build, dwell within, communicate with, and govern our worlds.Developers can’t manage a technology stack unless they know what’s going on, which is why an analytics platform, like Mixpanel, is such an important part of the tech stack. The Stack is an interdisciplinary design brief for a new geopolitics that works with and for planetary-scale computation. This model, informed by the logic of the multilayered structure of protocol “stacks,” in which network technologies operate within a modular and vertical order, offers a comprehensive image of our emerging infrastructure and a platform for its ongoing reinvention. Each is mapped on its own terms and understood as a component within the larger whole built from hard and soft systems intermingling-not only computational forms but also social, human, and physical forces. In an account that is both theoretical and technical, drawing on political philosophy, architectural theory, and software studies, Bratton explores six layers of The Stack: Earth, Cloud, City, Address, Interface, User. We are inside The Stack and it is inside of us. In The Stack, Benjamin Bratton proposes that these different genres of computation-smart grids, cloud platforms, mobile apps, smart cities, the Internet of Things, automation-can be seen not as so many species evolving on their own, but as forming a coherent whole: an accidental megastructure called The Stack that is both a computational apparatus and a new governing architecture. Together, how do these distort and deform modern political geographies and produce new territories in their own image? What has planetary-scale computation done to our geopolitical realities? It takes different forms at different scales-from energy and mineral sourcing and subterranean cloud infrastructure to urban software and massive universal addressing systems from interfaces drawn by the augmentation of the hand and eye to users identified by self-quantification and the arrival of legions of sensors, algorithms, and robots. A comprehensive political and design theory of planetary-scale computation proposing that The Stack-an accidental megastructure-is both a technological apparatus and a model for a new geopolitical architecture. ![]()
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